Total Phenolic Content Of Extracts Research Articles

Bioactive Compounds and Potential Health Benefits through Cosmetic Applications of Cherry Stem Extract.

Cherry stems, prized in traditional medicine for their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, derive their efficacy from abundant polyphenols and anthocyanins. This makes them an ideal option for addressing skin aging and diseases. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of cherry stem extract for potential skincare use. To this end, the extract was first comprehensively characterized by HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS. The extract's total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity, radical scavenging efficiency, and its ability to inhibit enzymes related to skin aging were determined. A total of 146 compounds were annotated in the cherry stem extract. The extract effectively fought against NO· and HOCl radicals with IC50 values of 2.32 and 5.4 mg/L. Additionally, it inhibited HYALase, collagenase, and XOD enzymes with IC50 values of 7.39, 111.92, and 10 mg/L, respectively. Based on the promising results that were obtained, the extract was subsequently gently integrated into a cosmetic gel at different concentrations and subjected to further stability evaluations. The accelerated stability was assessed through temperature ramping, heating-cooling cycles, and centrifugation, while the long-term stability was evaluated by storing the formulations under light and dark conditions for three months. The gel formulation enriched with cherry stem extract exhibited good stability and compatibility for topical application. Cherry stem extract may be a valuable ingredient for creating beneficial skincare cosmeceuticals.

Effect of gastrointestinal digestion on the stability, antioxidant activity, and Caco-2 cellular transport of pigmented grain polyphenols.

Grain polyphenols are known to possess several health properties. However, their digestive stability and intestinal absorption have not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the fate of pigmented grain polyphenols in the digestive system. Purple rice, purple barley, purple wheat, and blue wheat extracts were subjected to simulated gastric and intestinal phase digestion, followed by Caco-2 cellular transport. Phenolic profiling and antioxidant activity were determined using benchtop assays and an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid free radical) (UHPLC-ABTS•+ ) system. The results demonstrated a decrease in the total phenolic content of extracts after digestion, with purple rice extract retaining the highest phenolic content (79%) and ABTS•+ antioxidant activity (31%). Antioxidant activity was retained the most during the gastric phase; however, dominant antioxidant compounds were not detected after intestinal digestion. Significant variations in phenolic composition and radical scavenging activity were detected after digestion. Protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, and chrysoeriol were all transported across the intestinal barrier. The findings of this study provide novel insights into the in vitro stability and antioxidant activity of cereal grain polyphenols after simulated digestion.

Process optimization, multi-gene genetic programming modeling and reliability assessment of bioactive extracts recovery from Phyllantus emblica

This study investigates the feasibility of extracting bioactive antioxidants from Phyllantus emblica leaves using a combination of ethanol-water mixture (0-100%) and heat-assisted extraction technology (HAE-T). Operating temperature (30-50°C), solid-to-liquid ratio (1:20-1:60 g/mL), and extraction time (45-180 min) were varied to determine their effects on extract total phenolic content (TPC), yield (EY), and antioxidant activity (AA). The Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD) within response surface methodology (RSM) was employed, with multi-objective process optimization using the desirability function algorithm to find the optimal process variables for maximizing TPC, EY, and AA simultaneously. The extraction process was modeled using BBD-RSM and multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP) algorithm, with model reliability assessed via Monte Carlo simulation. HPLC characterization identified betulinic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, and ferulic acid as bioactive constituents in the extract. The study found that a 50% ethanol solution yielded the best extraction efficiency. The optimal process parameters for maximum EY (21.6565%), TPC (67.116 mg GAE/g), and AA (3.68583 µM AAE/g) were determined as OT of 41.61°C, S:L of 1:60 g/mL, and ET of 180 min. Both BBD-RSM and MGGP-based models satisfactorily predicted the observed process responses, with BBD-RSM models showing slightly better performance. Reliability analysis indicated high certainty in the predictions, with BBD-RSM models achieving 99.985% certainty for TPC, 97.569% for EY, and 98.661% for AA values.

Optimization of Bioactive Compound Extraction from Saffron Petals Using Ultrasound-Assisted Acidified Ethanol Solvent: Adding Value to Food Waste.

The saffron industry produces large by-products, including petals with potential bioactive compounds, which are cheap and abundant, making them an attractive alternative to expensive stigmas for extracting bioactive components. This study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of bioactive compounds from vacuum-dried saffron petals using an ultrasound-assisted acidified ethanol solvent. Three factors were considered: ethanol concentration (0-96%), citric acid concentration in the final solvent (0-1%), and ultrasound power (0-400 watt). This study examined the effects of these factors on parameters like maximum antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and the total flavonoid content of the extraction. This study found that saffron petal extract's antioxidant activity increases with higher ethanol concentration, citric acid dose, and ultrasound power, but that an increased water content leads to non-antioxidant compounds. Increasing the dosage of citric acid improved the extraction of cyanidin-3-glucoside at different ultrasound power levels. The highest extraction was achieved with 400 watts of ultrasound power and 1% citric acid. Ethanol concentration did not affect anthocyanin extraction. Higher ethanol concentration and greater citric acid concentration doses resulted in the maximum extraction of total phenolic content, with a noticeable drop in extraction at higher purity levels. This study found that increasing the proportion of citric acid in the final solvent did not affect flavonoid extraction at high ethanol concentration levels, and the highest efficiency was observed at 200 watts of ultrasound power. The optimum values of the independent parameters for extracting bioactive compounds from saffron petals included 96% ethanol concentration, 0.67% citric acid concentration, and 216 watts of ultrasound power, resulting in a desirability value of 0.82. This ultrasound-assisted acidified ethanolic extract can be used in the food industry as a natural antioxidant and pigment source.

Leather dye from Trema orientalis (L.) and its antibacterial effects

Synthetic leather dyes are chromatic agents specially formulated to impart color to leather substrates through dyeing. The current study involves the extraction of natural dye from the stem bark of Trema orientalis (L.) at different temperatures using water (with or without the addition of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide as additives). The optimal extraction was achieved at 80 °C without additives. Concentrating the extract using a rotary evaporator followed by freeze-drying resulted in a yield of 12.14%. The efficacy of the extracted dye was assessed by measuring the phenolic content, viscosity, and particle size. The highest value of total phenolic content of extract found, 266.13 mg GAE/g of dry extract, indicated the possibility of dyeing leather. The viscosity of the dye showed the temperature range of 51–54 ºC as optimum application criteria. The particle size of the dye exhibited a range spanning from 449 to 867 nanometers, indicating superb penetration ability through the leather pores. The antimicrobial efficacy was observed to be positive against a limited number of gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria. Final evaluation of the experimentally dyed sample against a control sample regarding relevant parameters viz. exhaustion, fastness, strength, SEM image indicated its potentiality as a colorant for leather industry.

Phytochemical investigation and in vitro anthelmintic evaluation of extracts of Wild Cinchona (Neolamarckia cadamba Roxb.) fruits

Neolamarckia cadamba Roxb., a plant commonly used in Indian traditional medicines, has been recognized for its anthelmintic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of N. cadamba fruit extracts againstAscaridia galli (roundworm), Raillietina spiralis (tapeworm), and Pheretima posthuma (Indian adult earthworm). The hydro-methanolic extract of N. cadamba fruits exhibited superior anthelmintic activity compared to the ethyl acetate extract. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Furthermore, the contents of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins in the fruit extracts were quantified. The quantitative analysis of total phenolic content of extracts revealved that hydromethanolic extract contains higher quantity of phenolics, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins in comparision to the ethylacetate extract. These findings support the observation that hydro-methanolic extract of N. cadamba fruits exhibited superior anthelmintic activity compared to the ethyl acetate extract because polyphenolic compounds are well established for their anthelmintic activity.

Acute Toxicity Determination and Compound Changing with Chemometric Procedures from Komba-Komba Leaf (Chromolaena odorata L.)

The employing of komba-komba leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.), a medicinal plant that can prevent and treat many ailments, is one example of the expanding use of traditional medicine in the health field. To increase their use as traditional medicine, Komba-komba leaves must have complete information about their safety due to the abundance of secondary metabolite substances they contain. The goal of this work was to classify the extract components and fractions of komba-komba leaves using FTIR spectra and a PCA chemometric technique, as well as to estimate the hazardous potential of komba-komba leaves, total flavonoid and phenolic levels from komba-komba leaves. The BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method was used for acute toxicity testing. The toxicity test results revealed that the LC50 values of the komba-komba leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and insoluble ethyl acetate fraction had LC50 values 1000 ppm, indicating that the extract and n-hexane fractions were poisonous. The total flavonoid concentration was determined to be 243.4 mgEQ/g in the methanol extract, 380.1 in the n-hexane fraction, 512.8 in the ethyl acetate fraction, and 189 mgEQ/g in the ethyl acetate insoluble fraction. The methanol extract's total phenolic content was 146.3 mgEAG/g, whereas that of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and insoluble ethyl acetate fractions was 269.6, 360.9, and 109.3 mgEAG/g, respectively. From the results of the score plot, it can be seen that the PCA analysis was successful in demonstrating group differences between extracts and fractions of komba-komba leaves. Extracts and fractions of C.odorata L. leaves have moderate toxicity due to the presence of flavonoid and phenolic content, making them potential candidates for development as natural antioxidants.

Exploring for HPLC-MS/MS Profiles and Biological Activities of Different Extracts from Allium lycaonicum Siehe ex Hayek from Turkey Flora.

The present study was designed to determine the phenolic constituents, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibition activities of aerial parts and bulbs of Allium lycaonicum (family Amaryllidaceae). Extracts were prepared by maceration and Soxhlet/infusion using hexane, methanol, and water as extraction solvents. Generally, extracts from the aerial parts showed higher total phenolic and individual components and antioxidant activity than their respective bulb extracts. Maceration with water was the best to extract total phenolic content from the aerial parts (29.00 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g), while the Soxhlet extraction with hexane (22.29 mg GAE/g) was the best for the bulb. Maceration with methanol recovered the highest total flavonoid content from both the aerial parts (41.95 mg (rutin equivalents (RE)/g) and bulb (1.83 mg RE/g). Polar extracts of aerial parts were characterized by higher abundance of kaempferol-3-glucoside (≤20,624.27 µg/mg), hyperoside (≤19,722.76 µg/g), isoquercitrin (≤17,270.70 µg/g), delphindin-3,5-diglucoside (≤14,625.21 µg/g), and rutin (≤10,901.61 µg/g) than the bulb. Aerial parts' aqueous extract, prepared by maceration, exerted the highest anti-ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical activity (64.09 mg trolox equivalents (TE)/g), Cu++ (83.03 mg TE/g) and Fe+++ (63.03 mg TE/g) reducing capacity while that prepared by infusion recorded the highest anti-DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical (31.70 mg TE/g) and metal chelating (27.66 mg EDTAE/g) activities. The highest total antioxidant activity (1.46 mmol TE/g) was obtained by maceration of the bulb with water. Extracts obtained by organic solvents showed remarkable enzyme inhibition properties against the tested enzymes. Soxhlet extraction of the bulb with hexane and methanol recorded the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibition (4.75 mg galanthamine equivalents (GALAE)/g) and tyrosinase inhibition (139.95 mg kojic acid equivalents/g) activities, respectively. Extracts obtained by maceration of the bulb with methanol and the aerial parts with hexane exerted the highest glucosidase inhibition (3.25 mmol acarbose equivalents/g) and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (20.99 mg GALAE/g) activities, respectively. These data indicated that A. lycaonicum is a source of bioactive molecules with potential antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties. Nonetheless, the extracts obtained through various solvents and extraction techniques showed variations in their phytoconstituent composition and biological properties.

DYNAMICS OF THE PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN SUBMERGED CULTURES OF Xylaria SPECIES

Purpose. This study was conducted to enhance comprehension of the dynamic process of synthesis of phenolic compounds by representatives of the genus Xylaria, and the correlation between phenol content and antioxidant properties found in biomass and culture liquid during submerged cultivation. Methods. Cultivation of Xylaria polymorpha and Xylaria longipes fungal strains from the IBK Mushroom Culture Collection was carried out on a glucose-yeast-peptone nutrient medium under submerged conditions. Harvesting of both biomass and culture liquid was done on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th day of cultivation, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The total phenol content of extracts was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant potential was evaluated through the DPPH assay. Results. Findings revealed that the accumulation of phenolic compounds by fungal species of the Xylaria genus was specified on a strain level. Notably, X. longipes strains exhibited higher production of phenolic constituents compared to X. polymorpha and demonstrated superior antioxidant activity at a specific time of cultivation. Furthermore, a strong correlation was established between the dynamics of polyphenol accumulation and antioxidant activity in both mycelial biomass and culture liquid. Conclusions. Natural phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties were extracted from the biomass and culture liquid of the studied strains. Significantly higher concentrations of phenolic compounds and values of antioxidant activity were found in the biomass compared to the culture liquid. The results indicate that a later day of cultivation is not necessarily equivalent to the production of more phenols, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive assessment of the accumulation of these compounds and the dynamic study of related parameters.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the endemic Mentha longifolia subsp. cyprica growing in Cyprus

Mentha longifolia subsp. cyprica (Heinr. Braun) Harley, endemic to Cyprus, is traditionally used to treat tonsillitis and as an inhalant for headaches. In this study, the essential oil components, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content of extracts, and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and the extracts from the aerial parts of M. longifolia subsp. cyprica are reported for the first time. The essential oil profile was determined by GC and GC/MS, and 28 compounds were identified. The main components were pulegone (71.5 %), 1,8-cineole (9.5 %), menthone (5.0 %), and limonene (3.4 %). The methanol extract revealed the highest antioxidant activity (0.109 mg/ml) and phenolic content (60.9 ± 0.034 mg gallic acid/g extract) compared to the ethyl acetate (0.368 mg/ml, 24.3 ± 0.032 mg GAE/g extract) and n-hexane (1.737 mg/ml, 10.1 ± 0.023 mg GAE/g extract) extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and extracts was screened for their antibacterial and anticandidal effects against selected microorganisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most sensitive bacterial strain to the tested samples (MIC, 500–1000 µg/ml). In contrast, better inhibition effects were shown against Candida species, with a MIC of 62.5 µg/ml against C. utilis. The results of this study may partially support the traditional use of M. longifolia subsp. cyprica and provide insight into an alternative species.

Investigation of Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Activities of Chocolate Fortified with Muscadine Grape Pomace.

Muscadine grape pomace and mixed products with chocolate extracts from three muscadine genotypes exhibiting different berry skin colors (black and bronze) were investigated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH, FRAP antioxidant activity, and anticancer activity using MDA-MB-468 (MM-468; African American) breast cancer cells. Muscadine berry extracts and mixed products showed cytotoxicity activities of up to 70% against MM-468 breast cancer cells. Cell growth inhibition was higher in 'macerated Floriana' with an IC50 value of 20.70 ± 2.43 followed by 'Alachua' with an IC50 value of 22.25 ± 2.47. TPC and TFC in macerated MGP powder were (1.4 ± 0.14 and 0.45 ± 0.01 GAE/g FW, respectively), which was significantly higher than those in cocoa powder. Data analysis showed a high association between DPPH, FRAP antioxidant activities, and TPC content and a positive high correlation between anticancer activity and antioxidant capacity and between TPC and anticancer activity. The anticancer and antioxidant effects of muscadine grape pomace and chocolate extracts are attributed to the TPC of extracts, which showed a stronger positive correlation with growth inhibition of African American breast cancer cells. This study would be of great value for food industries as well as other manufacturers who are interested in new food blends.

Maceration of Waste Cork in Binary Hydrophilic Solvents for the Production of Functional Extracts

Waste-grade cork samples of Quercus cerris were subjected to maceration extraction using 7 different solvents, including pure water (I), pure acetone (II), 75% aqueous ethanol (III), 75% aqueous methanol (IV), 75% aqueous acetone (V), 50% aqueous acetone (VI), and 25% aqueous acetone (VII). The extract yields, extract compositions, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts were analyzed. The results showed that maceration extraction was highly efficient, particularly with binary solvents resulting in up to 6% extract yield and up to 488 mg GAE/g extract total phenolic content. The extracts exhibited a variable antioxidant activity determined by DPPH and FRAP methods as well as antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and fungus determined by agar diffusion test. The CIELAB color parameters of extracts were correlated with maceration time, and the correlation was highest with pure water extracts. The FT-IR spectra of acetone-extracted cork revealed six key markers of phenolic compounds with the presence of peaks at approximately 2920 cm−1, 2850 cm−1, 1609 cm−1, 1517 cm−1, 1277 cm−1, and 1114 cm−1. The overall results suggest that the maceration of waste cork in binary solvents and pure acetone are green alternatives to conventional Soxhlet extraction for the production of polar extracts.

Chromatography-mass spectrometry based chemical profiling of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. and its beneficial effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HEK 293T cells and breast cancer cells

Chemical profiling of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. and exploring its efficacy against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HEK 293T cells and anticancer potential was the aim of this pilot study. One of the main areas of natural product research in the modern period is the search of naturally occurring antioxidants and their potential to ward-off cancer. So, medicinally and pharmacologically important plant M. pruriens was selected for the study. The collected M. pruriens seeds were sequentially extracted with hexane, chloroform, methanol, water and chemoprofiled using GC-MS, GC-FID and LC-QTOF-MS/MS. DPPH, phosphomolybdenum, FRP and ferrous chelating assays were performed for in vitro antioxidant efficacies whereas Folin-Ciocalteu method for total phenolic content of sequential extracts. The cellular antioxidant efficacy of the screened extract was studied through H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HEK 293T cells (MTT and PI Live dead assay with FACS). The anticancer effect of sequential extracts was checked on MCF-7 cells using MTT assay. The chemical profiling revealed the presence of high-value phytochemicals like terpenes, alkaloids and phenolic compounds in these extracts. Water extract was profound for in vitro antioxidant activity and comparable with the synthetic antioxidant. The total phenolic content of the extracts and its positive correlation with antioxidant activity were also established. The screened water extract further showed a promising protective effect on the oxidative stress induced HEK 293T cells and also effective for its cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells. Many of the identified metabolites are reported for the first time from the selected plant. The potential of water extract to serve as a cheap and alternative antioxidant instead of synthetic options was explored. The high in vitro cytotoxicity of water extract against breast cancer cells indicates the chance of exploration of these extracts/its high-value phytochemicals as an anticancer drug. Since the water extract is screened with remarkable activities, this study has further relevance as both economic and environmental friendly. As it is water and devoid of any solvent residues, the screened extract would not impart any environmental pollution and health hazards.

Ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extraction of punicalagin from pomegranate by-products influenced by cultivar, pre-drying treatment, particle size, and temperature

The novelty of this research is to describe the effect of different ultrasound-assisted extraction operating conditions on the punicalagin (∑Pn) and total phenolic content (TPC) yield of pomegranate peel of two cultivars: Wonderful (W) and Mollar de Elche (ME). Besides cultivar, drying method (convective and freeze drying), particle size (<56 and 56–101 μm), extraction temperature (25 and 45 °C) and time (0–60 min) were categorical variables included in the experimental design to optimize the process using a polynomial regression model. Both ∑Pn and TPC extraction was higher in freeze-dried than in convectively dried samples. Although the interaction of the above-mentioned variables must be considered, the type of drying influenced the extraction of ∑Pn between cultivars, being higher in ME than W when the material was freeze-dried. For the smallest particle size and higher temperature (45 °C), the extracted ∑Pn and TPC was higher than samples with higher particle size and lower extraction temperature (25 °C).

ENHANCED TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT EXTRACTION FROM CUCUMIS MELO L. (KULTIK) KERNEL BY DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT (DES)

Kernel of Cucumis melo L is a by-product produced from the water-melon production process. The phenolic compounds could be considered as a potential bioactive source for industrial applications. Therefore, the extraction of these compounds as much as possible will decrease valuable waste and could lead to produce value-added products. In the first part of this study, comparation of the effect of DESs and conventional solvent on total phenolic content (TPC) was performed. Some DESs had significantly better extraction yield than conventional solvent. Therefore, optimization of extraction conditions was performed by single factor experiment.&#x0D; Optimized parameters are molar ratio, type of HBA (hydrogen bond acceptor), addition of water content, extraction time and extraction temperature. From the results obtained, all these parameters were found to have an impact on TPC extraction yield. Also, it is noteworthy that the extraction yield using some selected parameters was on decrease after a certain extent. The best extraction parameter for Cucumis melo L. was found to be choline chloride as HBA, 1:4 molar ratio, %30 water addition, 500 extraction temperature and 30 min extraction time. This result confirms that kernel of Cucumis melo L. is a valuable ingredient due to its bioactive content, DESs could be a good alternative to conventional solvents and the industrial applications of DESs could be possible.

Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Sarawak Liberica sp. coffee pulp: Statistical optimization and comparison with conventional methods.

Coffea liberica, commonly known as Liberica coffee, is a kind of coffee that originated in Liberia, a West African country. It is considered a less-known coffee bean variety, which accounts for less than 2% of commercially produced coffee worldwide. In this study, the influences of optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total carbohydrate content (TCC) of bioactive compounds extracted from Sarawak Liberica sp. coffee pulp were studied. Response surface methodology was adopted with a face-centered central composite design to generate 34 responses by taking three microwave parameters into consideration, microwave power (watt), time of irradiation (second), and solvent-to-feed ratio as independent variables. As a result, the findings revealed that optimum extraction conditions were conducted as follows: microwave power of 700 W, time of irradiation of 180 s, and solvent-to-feed ratio of 86.644:1. While under optimal extraction conditions, MAE outperformed conventional maceration extraction in terms of extraction efficiency and had no significant difference (p < .05) with Soxhlet extraction on the extraction of TPC (12.94 ± 2.25 mg GAE/g), TFC (9.84 ± 0.38 mg QE/g), and TCC (876.50 ± 64.15 mg GE/g). Present work advances the usage of Sarawak Liberica sp. coffee for the development of functional products and aids in reducing environmental pollution by utilization of coffee pulp waste.

Gleichenia linearis (Burm.) C. B. Clarke Leaves Extract Potent as a Medicinal Plant Based on Its Phytochemical Profile and The Total Phenolic Content

Resam fern (Gleichenia linearis (Burm.) C.B. Clarke) is a terrestrial plant that is easy to grow and has been used for medicinal purposes as by the community empirically. This study aimed to explore the potential of Gleichenia linearis (Burm.) C.B. Clarke) as medicinal plants based on their phytochemical profiles and total phenol content of the extract. Gleichenia linearis (Burm.) C.B. Clarke leaves were extracted with aquadest and methanol as a solvent by maceration method. Phytochemical content was detected qualitatively and the total phenol content was determined using colorimetric method with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. As the result, qualitative screening for secondary metabolic contents in Gleichenia linearis (Burm.) C.B. Clarke extract found that the aqueous extract contains alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids, but the saponin and steroid were not detected. In the methanol extract, all secondary metabolites were detected except triterpenoids. The total phenol content of methanol extract was higher than that of aqueous extract with levels of 127,08 mg/g GAE and 42,32 mg/g GAE, respectively. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the Gleichenia linearis (Burm.) C.B. Clarke leaf has the potential to be developed as a medicinal plant.

Antioxidant and Antitumorigenic Activities of the Standardized Water Extract From Fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula

Background Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula ( T chebula) has been traditionally used as a crude drug for treating various diseases, including skin disorders. This study aimed to investigate the potential antioxidant effects and antitumorigenic activity of an aqueous extract from the fruit of T chebula. Methods The extract's total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests, respectively. The 2 ´,7 ´-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate assay was employed to evaluate the extract's ability to reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in U-937 human monocytic cell lines which had been treated with hydrogen peroxide for 30 min. Male ICR mice ( n = 30, 5 groups) were used to investigate the influence of T chebula extract on dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced carcinogenesis. After 20 weeks of treatment with T chebula extract, tumor incidence, size, and number were assessed. The major phenolic compounds in the extract were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by post hoc least significant difference test. Results T chebula extract effectively reduced intracellular ROS and scavenged antioxidants in vitro. The IC50 values of the extract as measured by DPPH and FRAP assays were 109.0 ± 14.5 μg/mL and 2.39 ± 0.17 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, 4 mg of T chebula extract significantly decreased the incidence, volume, and number of tumors in DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis in mice. Conclusion T chebula extract effectively reduced intracellular ROS, and significantly decreased the incidence, volume, and number of tumors in DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis in mice. These findings suggest that T chebula extract could be a promising therapeutic agent for skin tumors and other oxidative stress-related diseases.

Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Bidens pilosa-A Medicinal Plant from the Kingdom of Lesotho

Bidens pilosa finds therapeutic applications in the traditional medicine. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of various extracts obtained from the leaves and stem-bark of B. pilosa by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing power assay. We also aimed to determine the total phenolic contents (TPCs) by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Various solvent extracts were obtained from the leaves and stem-bark of B. pilosa by maceration and hot solvent extraction techniques. The extracts from leaves and stem-bark exhibited radical scavenging activity in the ranges of 4.40 ± 1.02-81.18 ± 1.14% and 5.92 ± 2.16-79.34 ± 8.43%, respectively at concentrations of 200-3,000 µg/mL. The positive control, ascorbic acid exhibited radical scavenging activity in a range of 55.17 ±1.89-88.12 ± 1.31% at the same concentrations. Additionally, the methanol extracts from both leaves and stem-bark were found to be the most potent with IC50 values of 848.54 and &lt; 200 µg/mL, respectively. The positive control, ascorbic acid exhibited an IC50 value &lt; 200 µg/mL. Furthermore, the extracts from the leaves and stem-bark exhibited ferric reducing power in the ranges of 0.095 ± 0.017-1.175 ± 0.084 and 0.093 ± 0.006-1.100 ± 0.065, respectively at concentrations of 5-100 µg/mL. The positive control, ascorbic acid exhibited a ferric reducing power in the range of 0.326 ± 0.00-1.213 ± 0.078 at concentrations of 5-100 µg/mL. In addition, the TPCs of extracts from the leaves and stem-bark were determined to be in the ranges of 9.03 ± 2.34-179.31 ± 0.96 and 10.93 ± 1.04-154.04 ± 2.15 mg GAE/g of DW of extract, respectively. Similarly, the TFCs of extracts from the leaves and stem-bark were determined to be in the ranges 1.28 ± 0.05-29.33 ± 4.19 and 1.89 ± 0.58-27.75 ± 2.67 mg QE/g of DW of extract, respectively. From this study, we concluded that various extracts obtained from B. pilosa showed a moderate to strong radical scavenging and ferric reducing power and possessed a significant amount of TPCs and TFCs.

Bioactive components, sun protective properties, and total phenolic contents of halobacterial extracts

Halophilic bacteria are microorganism groups with key industrial potential due to their primary and secondary metabolites. In this study, three halophilic bacteria were identified biochemically and phylogenetically, and visualized with advanced imaging systems such as scanning electron and atomic force microscopes. The data obtained identified the following species strains, Salinicoccus roseus strain EMK96, Salinicoccus amylolyticus strain RB5, and Salicola marasensis strain OSK. The industrial potential of halophilic bacteria were identified by investigating the catalase, oxidase, gelatinase, amylase, caseinase, and esterase enzyme activities, and pigments. The sun protection factors, total polyphenol content, and bioactive volatile components were also identified. SPF values and total phenolic content of the extracts obtained from different strains showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The highest SPF and total phenolic content were detected in the second extract of S. roseus (P < 0.05). In addition, bacterioruberin, commonly known as archaeal carotenoid, was also detected in the bacterial strain S. roseus. As a result of qualitative volatile component analysis of bacterial extracts, a total of 108 components were identified from different extracts. This is the first study to determine the sun protection factor, total polyphenol content, and volatile chemical components of these three halophilic bacterial extracts.